Skull/SinusesFull access
Mandible, TMJ, Nasal Bones and Orbits
Rotate the head to choose the part of the mandible, take TMJs open and closed, and use a Caldwell or modified Waters for the orbits.
Mandible
The axiolateral oblique mandible starts with the head lateral, the neck extended so the mandible clears the cervical spine, and the CR angled 25 degrees cephalad. Head rotation picks the part shown. A true lateral shows the ramus. Rotating the head 30 degrees toward the IR shows the body. Rotating 45 degrees shows the mentum, and 10 to 15 degrees gives a general survey. The PA mandible, with the OML perpendicular, shows the rami and body. The PA axial adds a 20 to 25 degree cephalad angle to show the condyles. The AP axial, or Towne, uses 35 degrees caudad to the OML, or 42 degrees to the IOML, to show the condyloid processes and TMJ fossae.